The larger the fudge factor, the more possibilities aircrack-ng will try on a brute force basis. It is a trade off between the length of time and likelihood of finding the secret WEP key.įor example, if you tell aircrack-ng to use a fudge factor 2, it takes the votes of the most possible byte, and checks all other possibilities which are at least half as possible as this one on a brute force basis. The 100 meter scenario will take a lot longer to search then the 10 meter one but you are more likely to find the ball with the broader search. Versus saying the ball is somewhere between 0 and 100 meters (0 and 300 feet) away. It is like throwing a ball into a field then telling somebody to ball is somewhere between 0 and 10 meters (0 and 30 feet) away. Basically the fudge factor tells aircrack-ng how broadly to brute force. Aircrack-ng uses brute force on likely keys to actually determine the secret WEP key. The idea is to get into the ball park with statistics then use brute force to finish the job. However the statistical approach can only take you so far. That explains why the more data that is available, the greater the chances that aircrack-ng will determine the secret WEP key. So, mathematically, it is more likely that the key starts with AE than with 11 (which is second on the same line) which is almost half as possible. In the screenshot above, you can see, that at key byte 0 the byte 0xAE has collected some votes, 50 in this case. Looking at an example will hopefully make this clearer. Aircrack-ng will subsequently test the key to confirm it. Needless to say, the secret key with the largest number of votes is most likely correct but is not guaranteed. For each key byte, the screen shows the likely secret key and the number of votes it has accumulated so far. The more votes a particular potential key value accumulates, the more likely it is to be correct. Different attacks have a different number of votes associated with them since the probability of each attack yielding the right answer varies mathematically.
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This is the fundamental basis of the statistical techniques.īy using a series of statistical tests called the FMS and Korek attacks, votes are accumulated for likely keys for each key byte of the secret WEP key. Essentially, certain IVs “leak” the secret WEP key for particular key bytes. Using statistical mathematics, the possibility that a certain byte in the key is correctly guessed goes up to as much as 15% when the right initialization vector (IV) is captured for a particular key byte.
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When using statistical techniques to crack a WEP key, each byte of the key is essentially handled individually. For non-x86 CPUs, SIMD improvements are present as well. With the exception of AVX512, all other instructions are built-in Aircrack-ng, and it will automatically select the fastest available for the CPU. SSE2, AVX, AVX2, and AVX512 support is included to dramatically speed up WPA/WPA2 key processing.
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EAPOL packets (2 and 3) or packets (3 and 4) are considered a full handshake. However, aircrack-ng is able to work successfully with just 2 packets. For WPA handshakes, a full handshake is composed of four packets. A “four-way handshake” is required as input. It requires more packets than PTW, but on the other hand is able to recover the passphrase when PTW sometimes fail.Īdditionally, the program offers a dictionary method for determining the WEP key.įor cracking WPA/WPA2 pre-shared keys, only a dictionary method is used. The FMS/KoreK method incorporates various statistical attacks to discover the WEP key and uses these in combination with brute forcing.
The other, older method is the FMS/KoreK method. The main advantage of the PTW approach is that very few data packets are required to crack the WEP key. An important limitation is that the PTW attack currently can only crack 40 and 104 bit WEP keys. This Tutorial: Packets Supported for the PTW Attack page provides details. Please remember that not all packets can be used for the PTW method. If the key is not found, then it uses all the packets in the capture. In the first phase, aircrack-ng only uses ARP packets.
The first method is via the PTW approach (Pyshkin, Tews, Weinmann). This part of the aircrack-ng suite determines the WEP key using two fundamental methods. Aircrack-ng is an 802.11 WEP and WPA/WPA2-PSK key cracking program.Īircrack-ng can recover the WEP key once enough encrypted packets have been captured with airodump-ng.
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